Aluminum poses a threat to food security

Aluminum poses a threat to food security

Published 10 March 2015

One third of the world’s food-producing land has been lost in the past forty years as a result of soil degradation, putting global food security at risk. Researchers have discovered how aluminum, a toxic result of soil acidification, acts to reduce plant growth. The researchers discovered that aluminum in soils could reduce the growth of roots within five to thirty minutes of exposure.

One third of the world’s food-producing land has been lost in the past forty years as a result of soil degradation, putting global food security at risk. Researchers from the University of Queensland have discovered how aluminum, a toxic result of soil acidification, acts to reduce plant growth.
UQ School of Agriculture and Food Sciences researcher Dr. Peter Kopittke said the increasing human population and continuing degradation of farm soils has made food security a critical issue.
“Acid soils cost over $A1.5 billion per year in forgone production in Australia alone,” Dr. Kopittke said. “Soil degradation occurs naturally, but is exacerbated by agricultural activities and is expensive to reverse, so another option is to cultivate crops with better tolerance for the soil conditions.
“Our research has identified how aluminum reduces plant growth, so that we can work towards overcoming this and increasing crop productivity.”
A University of Queensland release reports that the researchers discovered that aluminum in soils could reduce the growth of roots within five to thirty minutes of exposure. Using the TwinMic microscope at the Elettra synchrotron facility in Trieste, Italy, they showed that aluminum accumulates in root tips, exerting a toxic effect on cells required for root growth.
“For these cells, growth occurs when the cell walls loosen, yet we demonstrated that aluminum accumulates in the cell wall and inhibits their growth,” Dr. Kopittke said. “If the roots of a plant don’t grow properly then it will be unable to access water and nutrients and it will not flourish.
“Low productivity crops do not make the best use of the available arable land, and make it difficult to keep up with global food demands.
“We have shown that in order to overcome the negative effects of aluminum, it is important to focus on traits involved in cell wall loosening to breed crops with greater aluminum tolerance.”
The research was conducted in collaboration with the University of Oxford, the University of South Australia, and the Elettra synchrotron.
— Read more in Peter M. Kopittke et al., “Identification of the primary lesion of toxic aluminum (Al) in plant roots” Plant Physiology 167, no. 3 (February 2015): 114.253229 (DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253229)