Monday, December 1, 2014

Homeland Security and Public Safety : Indiana University Conducts First Full-Scale Active Shooter Drill

Areas identified for improvement after the drill were mostly logistics — such as giving the number of people injured instead of just saying there are injuries.

Indiana University police car
(Photo by Indiana University)

(TNS) — “It’s 9 a.m. on a breezy, cold Tuesday morning.”

After that opening line is where the similarities between Tuesday’s scenario and actual Tuesday ended.

In the scenario, an upset and recently fired teaching assistant left Hodge Hall, the undergraduate building of the Indiana University (IU) Kelley School of Business, and returned with a gun.

But the masked gunman in a black coat and red IU t-shirt was an actor. He was one of about 150 participants — actors, police and various IU staff — in the first full-scale active shooter drill on the Bloomington campus.

“Active shooter is unfortunately at the top of the list of everyone’s concerns,” said Debbi Fletcher, director of the IU Emergency Management and Continuity for the Bloomington campus.

IU has a lot of policies and procedures for safety and response, but a full-scale drill with actors is an opportunity to try those out as realistically as possible and find areas for improvement, Fletcher said.

And the areas identified for improvement after Tuesday’s drill were mostly logistics — such as giving the number of people injured instead of just saying there are injuries. 

Since the drill only included students as actors, it was timed to be at Thanksgiving break to keep disruption to a minimum. But the next step will be a smaller-scale text alert drill that would get students and everyone else thinking about what to do if an active shooter was on campus, Fletcher said.

This drill included IU and Bloomington police as well as the Bloomington Fire Department and various IU administrators and staff from emergency management and continuity and other areas such as communications and Residential Programs and Services.

“Communication is always a problem,” said IU police Chief Laury Flint, adding that communication becomes more difficult when more people are involved. She said everyone expects information instantly, so the drill showed participants the time it takes to confirm information and spread it to others.

But Flint was pleased with the drill overall.

“We’re doing a lot of things right,” she said.

Police conduct emergency response drills often, but everyone else doesn't, so this is a chance to practice response during the scenario and to de-brief and talk about what the follow-up, such as planning of a vigil on campus, would be, Fletcher said.

Since January, IU has been reviewing its plan in the case of an active shooter at all campuses and each campus is planning some type of drill, Fletcher said. She said the full-scale drill comes after other types of workshops and smaller-scale drills.

Actors in the drill — some with makeup to simulate bullet wounds or other injuries — were encouraged to react as they think they would in that situation.

“Don’t be embarrassed about screaming,” Cinda Haff, lead actor controller, told the actors in a preparation session. She also told them to reach out for help if they find themselves more anxious or worried after the drill.

“We all hope we are preparing for nothing,” she said.

A lot of the time, it’s not until after a shooting that people say they noticed something different, Flint said. That’s why she said the public needs to report what they notice to the police.

“Hindsight is 20/20,” she said.

Fletcher agreed. Yet, she said even with drills and making improvements, it’s impossible to have a perfect response.

 Even schools like Florida State University, which had a textbook response to the shooter earlier this month, and Purdue University, which had an on-campus shooter in January, are still learning, Fletcher said.

“Prevention is a difficult thing to do,” she said.

©2014 the Herald-Times (Bloomington, Ind.). Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

www.emergencymgmt.com 

Homeland Security and Public Safety : To Fend Off Terror Recruiting, U.S. Attorney Unveils Somali Community Effort

The U.S. attorney in Minnesota will lobby White House officials to create jobs and expand youth programs that combat the root causes of extremism.

Public Health : Volunteers Sign Up for Ebola Vaccine Trial

Twenty research subjects have received an experimental Ebola vaccine in a study at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.

Ebola vaccine
A 39-year-old woman, the first participant enrolled in VRC 207, receives a dose of the investigational NIAID/GSK Ebola vaccine at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, Md., on Sept. 2. Flickr/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

(TNS) — Two years ago, Khandra Sears contracted malaria for the good of science. Two weeks ago, the 33-year-old postdoctoral fellow became a test subject in research to stop another scourge: Ebola.

She was injected with 100 billion particles of a chimpanzee cold virus that had been modified to resemble Ebola. Over the next year, she will give researchers copious amounts of her blood to test for antibodies that could disable the Ebola virus.

On a recent visit, her body just wouldn't bleed anymore. She couldn't fill the ninth and final vial researchers sought to fill.

But for Sears and many of the other volunteers, the sacrifice is worth it. She is among 20 research subjects who have received the experimental Ebola vaccine in a study at the University of Maryland School of Medicine over the past two weeks.

Many are medical researchers of some type themselves. They understand that their discomfort could save lives.

"This was a way I could help," said Sears, who will receive up to $1,000 for her participation. "Vaccine development is such an important process to take part in."

The Baltimore trial is one of several testing the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine, which is one of many candidates that is being ushered through clinical trials in hope of ending the Ebola outbreak that has killed more than 5,000 people in three West African countries since December. Researchers are eager to study the effect the vaccine has on Sears and the other volunteers because ethically, they cannot expose anyone to Ebola to test how they would respond.

The vaccine cannot give the subjects Ebola. It contains proteins that fool the immune system into mistaking the harmless chimpanzee virus for Ebola.

But that doesn't stop friends and family from being concerned for the volunteers. Andrea Buchwald, a 28-year-old doctoral student in epidemiology who also received the vaccine, said people she has told have assumed she's putting herself at risk by participating. As an epidemiologist, she said, she sees that as an opportunity to help others learn more about vaccine development.

"I allowed myself to be given this experimental vaccine because I have that much confidence in the process that led up to the development of it," Buchwald said. "There's a lot of testing that happens beforehand."

That doesn't mean the process is painless. As with the flu shot or other inoculations, the Ebola vaccine caused some side effects in some of the participants, said Kirsten Lyke, an associate professor of medicine who is working on the study. Buchwald said she came down with a fever of nearly 101 degrees hours after the vaccination, and both she and Sears said it left them exhausted.

The researchers gave half the participants a dose containing 10 billion particles, and the other half a dose with 10 times as many particles. Buchwald and Sears said they received the higher dose. The method helps researchers learn how much vaccine a patient needs to create immunity, and how long that immunity lasts.

Researchers at the National Institutes of Health, who developed the vaccine along with drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline, plan to compare the subjects' immune response with that of monkeys who were given the vaccine and then exposed to the virus.

Researchers can make inferences based on what they see in the subjects' blood, but because they are ethically barred from exposing humans to Ebola, they won't know for sure whether they have developed immunity.

That restriction applies to each of the handful of Ebola vaccine candidates being tested.

"Unless you have a crystal ball that is well maintained, you can't really predict how any of these things will perform in humans," said Nancy Sullivan, chief of the biodefense research section of the NIH's National institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. "It's cautious optimism."

Despite the risks and potential for discomfort for the volunteers, the medical school's Center for Vaccine Development received an unusually eager response from participants, Lyke said. The study paid a typical rate to test subjects. Buchwald said she received $150 for being vaccinated and will receive another $50 each time her blood is drawn.

"Typically, we get one or two people here and there throughout the week, not 120 in three days," Lyke said. "That was a nice positive response."

The increased concern over Ebola has given researchers new opportunities to advance their vaccine work.

Before the outbreak, they had difficulty persuading investors to back their vaccine candidates. The virus typically appeared in relatively small, isolated populations. But with more deaths in the current outbreak than in all previous outbreaks combined — and fears of the virus spreading around the globe — vaccine candidates have risen on the pharmaceutical companies' priority lists.

Baltimore biotechnology company Profectus BioSciences has received $32 million from U.S. government agencies this year to speed its development of Ebola vaccines. The company has been working for years on vaccine candidates but had faced difficulty raising money to pay for human trials. Executives expect to start the trials next year.

Pharmaceutical giant Merck & Co. Inc. gave another promising candidate a boost this week when it said it would buy worldwide commercial rights to the Ebola vaccine developed by Canada's Public Health Agency. Merck is paying NewLink Genetics Corp., based in Ames, Iowa, $50 million for the rights. A NewLink subsidiary licensed the vaccine from the Canadian government in 2010.

The Securities and Exchange Commission cautioned investors last week who might be eager to get in on the booming market for Ebola vaccines and treatments. The SEC suspended trading in four small companies that it said had made unverifiable claims about products to prevent or treat the deadly virus.

The Baltimore volunteers are among more than 200 people who have received a vaccine candidate developed at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which is part of the National Institutes of Health, in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline. A pilot study of the vaccine involving human subjects was conducted at the NIH in September. Since then, more trials have begun at the University Hospital of Lausanne in Switzerland, the University of Oxford, Emory University Hospital in Atlanta and among health workers in Mali.

The University of Maryland's Center for Vaccine Development is working with a sister organization in Mali on those trials, in partnership with that country's health ministry.

So far, the trials have shown promise, Lyke said, with no significant safety concerns raised. Preliminary results from the NIH pilot study are expected to be published soon.

Sears said that participating in clinical trials has given her a better understanding of what goes into solving some of the world's worst epidemics. In 2012, she participated in a study that helped show how much exposure to malaria it takes to cause infection — information that eventually could be used in clinical trials of vaccines for that disease.

It also helped improve diagnostics for detecting malaria, she said.

"You just get a better idea of the research involved in developing these vaccines and what's required," she said. "You realize they are really long-term projects."

And they are projects that rely on those willing to be the lab rat.

"It's a really cool way to be able to contribute to a really important public health effort," Buchwald said.

©2014 The Baltimore Sun. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.
www.emergencymgmt.com 

Homeland Security and Public Safety : Are Unmanned Aircraft a Savior or Threat?

Unmanned aircraft can be a viable public safety tool but uncertainties and privacy concerns have held them back.

Unmanned aircraft

Imagine giving firefighters the ability to identify hot spots in a wildfire, through real-time images, without risking the lives of staff members — or helping search and rescue teams scan a large area quickly for survivors after a disaster. 

The technology to do this exists and is being used by some public safety agencies already with unmanned aerial vehicles. But UAVs have drawbacks, as well. Some agencies are adopting them, but concerns about safety, regulation and privacy are slowing the process.

UAVs are the vehicles flown by unmanned aircraft systems, or UASes, which include the aircraft and all the equipment required to control it. Both terms are used by those in the field. A more common name for them, drones, is not considered accurate by those who work most closely with the technology.


“Drones were remote-controlled aircraft
 that were targets for missiles,” said Todd Sedlak, director of sales and flight operations and small UAS subject matter expert for Detroit Aircraft. The public sees them as “a mindless thing that does one thing.” He said UAVs have the capacity “to save lives, to help people and to prevent damage to equipment, property and people.” 

UAVs come in all sizes: Some fit in the palm of a hand, while others are as large as full-size aircraft. There are two main types of UAVs: fixed-wing, which resemble airplanes and need runways, and vertical takeoff and landing, which can hover. 

The U.S. Forest Service has been exploring potential uses of UAVs and UASes for several years, said Jennifer Jones, public affairs specialist with the agency’s Washington office.

“We’re very interested in this technology, and we’ve identified a lot of potential missions they could be used for,” Jones said. “And we have used them in a few cases very successfully.”

The Forest Service used unmanned aircraft in a partnership with the California Air National Guard to fight the 2013 Rim Fire. In the response to the fire, the UAVs allowed the incident team “to view events while they were happening,” said Jones. The equipment was used, for example, to verify new hot spots and detect the perimeter of the fire. 

“It provided live, real-time images that could supplement those traditional nighttime infrared flights,” Jones said. 

The Forest Service’s mission extends beyond fighting fires. There are several other ways UAVs could be used:
  • Forest protection and management: UAVs could help monitor the condition of forests, determine the effectiveness of reforestation efforts or assess damage from events such as fires, landslides or floods. They could also help detect and map damage from insects, diseases and invasive plant species.
  • Watershed management: UAVs could monitor the condition and boundaries of watersheds and sample air quality at various altitudes.
  • Fish, wildlife and plant management: UAVs could help map habitats and survey fish and wildlife populations. They could also monitor the populations of threatened and endangered fish, wildlife and plant species.
  • Law enforcement: Authorities could use UAVs to help detect activities like narcotics production and timber theft.
  • Post-fire response: UAVs could help map burn severity, evaluate debris flow and monitor vegetation recovery and ongoing flooding threats to downstream communities.
The Forest Service does not have a formal program in place for using UAVs, but it does have a working group looking at how it could use the systems. There could be advantages in terms of cost, safety and flying in locations and under conditions where manned aircraft couldn’t be used. 


The Forest Service is not the only agency that’s moving slowly on the use of UAVs. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) has tested them in partnership with other agencies to see if they give commanders better real-time information about fires. But Cal Fire has no plans to use unmanned aircraft regularly, though it continues to evaluate them. “We’re constantly looking at new technology,” said Lynne Tolmachoff, a spokesperson for Cal Fire. 

One agency that has been using UAVs for several years is the Mesa County Sheriff’s Office in Colorado. The program has flown more than 55 missions, totaling more than 225 flight hours. 

A Multitude of Uses

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have a number of potential uses for emergency response and public safety: 

Search and rescue A UAV “can search a very large area very accurately and quickly,” said Todd Sedlak, director of sales and flight operations and small UAS subject matter expert for Detroit Aircraft. This can be particularly helpful for water rescue, since a warm body in cold water shows up quickly on thermal cameras. In the mountains after an avalanche, a UAV can search in conditions where it’s too dangerous to send a manned aircraft. “An aircraft will search every square inch that you tell it to,” he said. “It will never get tired; it will never get bored.” 

Situational awareness for first responders “Let’s say a SWAT team has to serve a high-risk warrant — they have the ability to have a good view of the neighborhood, and if a suspect were to flee, where they’re going,” Sedlak said. 

Traffic control UAVs can help authorities see where traffic is backing up during a major event like a football game, or to get an aerial view of the aftermath of a traffic accident. A UAV is “a low-cost, safe and easy-to-use alternative to anything that police are already using helicopters for,” Sedlak said. 

Firefighting A UAV with a thermal camera can show whether the roof of a building has fire underneath it — a faster and safer way to make this determination than having a firefighter climb on the roof and use a hammer to find soft spots. It also can help determine what other buildings are at risk based on the wind speed and direction. In a forest fire, a UAV’s camera can see through the forest canopy to show where fire is spreading below. “This is already being done with manned aircraft,” said Sedlak. “This is cheaper, faster and safer.”         
The sheriff’s office first acquired an unmanned helicopter in 2009 and worked with the FAA to get a certificate of authorization that would allow the department to fly it. By the fall of 2010, the sheriff’s office had FAA permission to use the system anywhere in the county during the day, and it expanded its tests and started using the UAV to help other agencies with aerial photos during the response to events like fires and fatal traffic accidents.

In 2012, the department tested a fixed-wing UAV, which has a longer flight time than the helicopter and could be used for more searches or fire monitoring over larger areas. Now the department is beginning to use the systems for day-to-day operations. 

One of the advantages UAVs offer public safety and emergency management officials is that they can see areas that are otherwise inaccessible because of the danger to human pilots. Another big advantage is cost.

Mesa County officials estimate that the UAVs they use would cost between $25,000 and $50,000 each. (They have spent much less because they have partnerships with the manufacturers to help test the systems.) Larger systems would cost even more.

However, the costs are still much less than for flying manned aircraft. Mesa County officials project that the long-term operating costs of their UAVs is about $25 per hour. Planes and helicopters with pilots can cost between $400 and $1,200 per hour to operate. 


If UAVs provide
 such great help to public safety agencies at such a low cost, why aren’t they being more quickly adopted? There are several uncertainties and concerns regarding their use, and these have slowed some agencies’ efforts.

One issue is safety. UAVs are considered aircraft, and some can be quite large. This is one issue that the Forest Service’s advisory group is looking at, Jones said. “Our top priority in the Forest Service is safety,” she said. That includes the safety of firefighters and other agency employees, as well as the safety of the public.

“They can pose a risk to people on the ground if one of those is flying overhead and a communications link is lost,” said Jones. “We’ve got to make sure that we can fly them safely, given the other aircraft that are often flying in fire environments.”

There are other details to be worked out, as well, Jones said. “We’re trying to define the mission requirements.” A lot of missions can also be performed by manned aircraft, and the agency wants to determine when officials would turn to UAVs and who would operate them.

There’s also some uncertainty about how UAVs will ultimately be regulated. Private citizens can buy and operate their own UAVs as a hobby, with few restrictions from the FAA as long as they are not flown too high or too close to an airport. The FAA hasn’t issued specific regulations about when UAVs can be used by people who are being paid to operate them, however. The FAA is working on rules that would allow commercial use of certain UAVs in some circumstances. 

Public agencies are able to get a certificate of authorization from the FAA to use unmanned aircraft under certain circumstances. But these can take a long time to receive, so most agencies can’t simply buy a UAV and start using it. 

Another big concern is privacy. The Seattle Police Department last year abandoned a program to use UAVs while it was still in the planning and testing phase because of public concerns about privacy. It ended up giving the UAVs to the Los Angeles Police Department, which has said it won’t use them until the city decides on terms for their implementation into operations. 

A number of states have passed or are considering laws that would limit the ways law enforcement could use UAVs, such as requiring a warrant for many uses. 

Although UAVs may be sent to photograph wildfires and storms in situations where sending a manned aircraft is too dangerous, in urban settings most of what they are documenting could also be photographed by manned aircraft. The concerns raised by privacy advocates stem from their low cost and ease of use: If UAVs can be operated cheaply and easily, what is to prevent law enforcement from conducting constant surveillance?

“Our main concern is the suspicion-less use for mass surveillance,” said Jay Stanley, a privacy expert with the Speech, Privacy and Technology Program of the American Civil Liberties Union. He said the ACLU is not opposed to all uses of UAVs. “I don’t think anybody objects to the use of a drone to find a lost child in the woods. Or if the police are raiding a crime kingpin’s home and want some aerial support and have a warrant to raid the home, we wouldn’t object to that. We just want to put in place some commonsense checks and balances.”

There are also questions about what secondary uses of the video are acceptable, Stanley said. For example, what if authorities collect video of a large area to assess damage after an earthquake but later decide to examine the footage to look for evidence of people growing marijuana? That could provide evidence that in other situations they would have needed a warrant to collect.

A final hurdle for some agencies is the rapid development of the technology, which can make decisions difficult.

“Every year something new and better is coming out,” said Tolmachoff of Cal Fire. “We’re looking at all avenues. We’re still researching and trying to figure out which one will work best for our department.”
Margaret Steen  |  Contributing Writer
Margaret Steen is a contributing writer for Emergency Management magazine.
www.emergencymgmt.com